The Arbitrariness Students Hate
The Key Verb Patterns
Make / Let + Object + Bare Infinitive
'She MADE me WAIT.' 'He LET me GO.' No 'to' before the verb. These are the only two common verbs with this pattern. PASSIVE changes it: 'I was MADE TO wait' (the 'to' reappears in passive!). Let has no standard passive — we use 'allowed' instead.
Allow / Permit / Force / Encourage + Object + To-Infinitive
'They ALLOWED me TO leave.' 'She FORCED him TO sign.' 'The teacher ENCOURAGED us TO speak.' Most causative verbs follow this pattern: advise, ask, convince, expect, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, want, warn.
Help + Object + (To) Infinitive
'She helped me (TO) carry the bags.' Both forms are correct — 'help' uniquely accepts either pattern. American English prefers the bare infinitive ('helped me carry'). British English accepts both. This is the one verb where students can't get it wrong!
Teacher Tip
“Active: 'The teacher MADE the students REPEAT the exercise.' Passive: 'The students WERE MADE TO REPEAT the exercise.' The 'to' that disappears in active reappears in passive. This is testable and tested — it appears in Cambridge B2 First, IELTS, and university grammar exams. Drill the transformation: give students active 'make' sentences and have them convert to passive. 'My parents made me study' → 'I was made to study by my parents.' This single transformation drill teaches both the pattern and the passive voice simultaneously.”
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is it 'make me do' but 'force me to do'?
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There is no logical reason. Each verb lexically selects its own complement pattern. 'Make' and 'let' take bare infinitives (no 'to'). Most other causative/permission verbs (allow, force, encourage, permit) take to-infinitives. This must be memorized as a vocabulary property of each verb.
What is the difference between make and let?
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'Make' implies obligation/compulsion: 'She made me clean my room' (I didn't want to). 'Let' implies permission: 'She let me stay up late' (I wanted to and she allowed it). Same grammar pattern (+ object + bare infinitive) but opposite meanings: compulsion vs permission.
How do I teach verb patterns in ESL?
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Group verbs by pattern: make/let + bare infinitive, most others + to-infinitive. Teach the most common verbs in each group with example sentences. Practice with transformation exercises (active to passive for 'make'). At B2+, introduce the full range of reporting verbs with their patterns.