The Glue of Academic English
Connectors by Function
Contrast & Concession
However, nevertheless, on the other hand (between sentences). Although, even though, despite, in spite of (within sentences). While, whereas (comparing two things). 'Although it rained, we enjoyed the trip.'
Cause & Effect
Therefore, consequently, as a result (formal). So, because of this (informal). Because, since, as (within sentences). Due to, owing to (+ noun). 'She studied hard. Therefore, she passed.'
Addition & Emphasis
Moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more (formal). Also, besides, plus (informal). Not only... but also (emphatic). 'The hotel was expensive. Moreover, the service was terrible.'
Sequence & Organization
Firstly, secondly, finally (listing). To begin with, then, after that, subsequently. In conclusion, to sum up, overall. 'Firstly, we need to understand the problem. Then, we can discuss solutions.'
Teacher Tip
“Teach connectors with their grammar pattern: ALTHOUGH + clause ('Although it rained, we went out'). DESPITE + noun/gerund ('Despite the rain, we went out' / 'Despite raining, we went out'). HOWEVER + full sentence ('It rained. However, we went out.'). Students constantly write 'Although the rain' or 'Despite it rained' — they've learned the word but not its grammar. DrillKit gap-fill exercises with mixed connectors force students to think about both meaning AND structure.”
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I teach linking words in ESL?
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Group connectors by function (contrast, cause, addition, sequence) rather than teaching them randomly. Teach the grammar that follows each connector (although + clause, despite + noun). Practice with paragraph-building activities where students must connect given sentences using appropriate linkers.
What is the difference between although and despite?
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Both express contrast/concession but take different grammar: ALTHOUGH + subject + verb ('Although she was tired, she kept working'). DESPITE + noun or gerund ('Despite being tired, she kept working' / 'Despite her tiredness'). Never write 'Despite she was tired' — that combines the two patterns incorrectly.
When should I teach linking words in ESL?
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Introduce basic connectors (and, but, because, so) at A2. Teach contrast pairs (although/however) at B1. Add formal academic connectors (moreover, consequently, nevertheless) at B2. IELTS and Cambridge exam preparation intensifies connector work at B2-C1.