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Linking Words & Discourse Markers: However, Although, Despite — Building Connected Speech

Without connectors, students write shopping lists of sentences. With them, they write paragraphs. Linking words are the upgrade from A2 to B2.

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Matthew James Soldato

ESL Teacher & Founder of DrillKitMar 24, 2026

The Glue of Academic English

A student writes: 'The weather was bad. We went to the beach. We had a good time.' Three correct sentences. Zero cohesion. Now compare: 'Although the weather was bad, we went to the beach. However, we still had a good time.' Same information, dramatically better writing. Linking words and discourse markers are what transform correct-but-choppy output into fluent, cohesive text. They signal relationships between ideas: contrast, cause, addition, sequence, concession — all invisible without explicit connectors. CEFR descriptors specifically cite the ability to use connectors as a key differentiator between B1 and B2 writing. IELTS examiners explicitly award marks for 'cohesion and coherence.' Yet many students reach B2 with fewer than 10 connectors in their active vocabulary.

Connectors by Function

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Contrast & Concession

However, nevertheless, on the other hand (between sentences). Although, even though, despite, in spite of (within sentences). While, whereas (comparing two things). 'Although it rained, we enjoyed the trip.'

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Cause & Effect

Therefore, consequently, as a result (formal). So, because of this (informal). Because, since, as (within sentences). Due to, owing to (+ noun). 'She studied hard. Therefore, she passed.'

Addition & Emphasis

Moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more (formal). Also, besides, plus (informal). Not only... but also (emphatic). 'The hotel was expensive. Moreover, the service was terrible.'

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Sequence & Organization

Firstly, secondly, finally (listing). To begin with, then, after that, subsequently. In conclusion, to sum up, overall. 'Firstly, we need to understand the problem. Then, we can discuss solutions.'

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Teacher Tip

Teach connectors with their grammar pattern: ALTHOUGH + clause ('Although it rained, we went out'). DESPITE + noun/gerund ('Despite the rain, we went out' / 'Despite raining, we went out'). HOWEVER + full sentence ('It rained. However, we went out.'). Students constantly write 'Although the rain' or 'Despite it rained' — they've learned the word but not its grammar. DrillKit gap-fill exercises with mixed connectors force students to think about both meaning AND structure.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I teach linking words in ESL?

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Group connectors by function (contrast, cause, addition, sequence) rather than teaching them randomly. Teach the grammar that follows each connector (although + clause, despite + noun). Practice with paragraph-building activities where students must connect given sentences using appropriate linkers.

What is the difference between although and despite?

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Both express contrast/concession but take different grammar: ALTHOUGH + subject + verb ('Although she was tired, she kept working'). DESPITE + noun or gerund ('Despite being tired, she kept working' / 'Despite her tiredness'). Never write 'Despite she was tired' — that combines the two patterns incorrectly.

When should I teach linking words in ESL?

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Introduce basic connectors (and, but, because, so) at A2. Teach contrast pairs (although/however) at B1. Add formal academic connectors (moreover, consequently, nevertheless) at B2. IELTS and Cambridge exam preparation intensifies connector work at B2-C1.

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